Alice Marble

Alice Marble Biography

Alice Marble (September 28, 1913 - December 13, 1990) was a world No. 1 American tennis player who won 18 Grand Slam championships (1936-40): five in singles, six in women's doubles, and seven in mixed doubles.

Early life

Born in the small town of Beckwourth, Plumas County, California, Marble moved with her family at the age of five to San Francisco. A tomboy, she excelled in many sports, including baseball; but her brother persuaded her to try tennis. She quickly mastered the game, playing in Golden Gate Park, and by age 15 won several California junior tournaments.

Tennis career

At the U.S. Championships, Marble won the singles title in 1936 and from 1938 to 1940); the women's doubles title with Sarah Palfrey Cooke from 1937 to 1940); and the mixed doubles title with Gene Mako in 1936, Don Budge in 1938, Harry Hopman in 1939, and Bobby Riggs in 1940.

At Wimbledon, Marble won the singles title in 1939; the women's doubles title with Cooke in 1938 and 1939); and the mixed doubles title with Budge in 1937 and 1938 as well as the mixed doubles title with Riggs in 1939.

In Wightman Cup team competition, Marble lost only one singles and one doubles match in the years she competed (1933, 1937-39).

According to A. Wallis Myers and John Olliff of The Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mail, Marble was ranked in the world top ten from 1936 to 1939 (no rankings issued 1940-45), reaching a career high in those rankings of world No. 1 in 1939. Marble was included in the year-end top ten rankings issued by the United States Lawn Tennis Association in 1932-33 and 1936-40. She was the top-ranked U.S. player from 1936 to 1940.

Marble was the Associated Press Athlete of the Year in 1939 and 1940.

After capping a stellar amateur career in 1940, Marble turned professional and earned a great sum of money, travelling around playing exhibition tournaments.

Retirement

For a brief time after retirement, she worked on the editorial advisory board of DC Comics and was credited as an Associate Editor on Wonder Woman. She created the "Wonder Women of History" feature for the comics, which told the stories of prominent women of history in comic form.

During World War II, Marble was married to Joe Crowley, a pilot, who was killed in action over Germany. Only days before his death, she miscarried their child following a car accident. After an attempt to kill herself, she recuperated and, in 1945, agreed to spy for U.S. intelligence. Her mission involved renewing contact with a former lover, a Swiss banker, and obtaining Nazi financial data. The operation ended when a Nazi agent shot her in the back, but she recovered. Few details of the operation ever emerged.

Marble greatly contributed to the desegregation of American tennis by writing an editorial in support of Althea Gibson for the July 1, 1950, issue of American Lawn Tennis Magazine. The article read, in part, "Miss Gibson is over a very cunningly wrought barrel, and I can only hope to loosen a few of its staves with one lone opinion. If tennis is a game for ladies and gentlemen, it's also time we acted a little more like gentle-people and less like sanctimonious hypocrites.... If Althea Gibson represents a challenge to the present crop of women players, it's only fair that they should meet that challenge on the courts." Marble said that, if Gibson were not given the opportunity to compete, "then there is an ineradicable mark against a game to which I have devoted most of my life, and I would be bitterly ashamed." Gibson, age 23, was given entry into the 1950 U.S. Championships, becoming the first African-American player, man or woman, to compete in a Grand Slam event.

In 1964, Marble was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame. She then settled in Palm Desert, California, where she taught tennis until her death.

Weakened by pernicious anaemia, Marble died at a hospital in Palm Springs, California.

Alice Marble Tennis Courts, providing a panoramic view of the Pacific ocean and the Golden Gate bridge from the top of Russian Hill in San Francisco, is named in honor of her.

Grand Slam finals

Singles (5 titles)

Outcome	Year	Championship	Surface	Opponent	Score
Winner	1936	U.S. Championships	Grass	Helen Jacobs	4-6, 6-3, 6-2
Winner	1938	U.S. Championships (2)	Grass	Nancye Wynne	6-0, 6-3
Winner	1939	Wimbledon	Grass	Kay Stammers	6-2, 6-0
Winner	1939	U.S. Championships (3)	Grass	Helen Jacobs	6-0, 8-10, 6-4
Winner	1940	U.S. Championships (4)	Grass	Helen Jacobs	6-2, 6-3

Doubles (6 titles)

Outcome	Year	Championship	Surface	Partner	Opponents	Score
Winner	1937	U.S. National Championships	Grass	Sarah Palfrey Cooke	Marjorie Gladman Van Ryn Carolin Babcock	7-5, 6-4
Winner	1938	Wimbledon Championships	Grass	Sarah Palfrey Cooke	Simonne Mathieu Billie Yorke	6-2, 6-3
Winner	1938	U.S. National Championships	Grass	Sarah Palfrey Cooke	Simonne Mathieu Jadwiga J?drzejowska	6-8, 6-4, 6-3
Winner	1939	Wimbledon Championships	Grass	Sarah Palfrey Cooke	Helen Jacobs Billie Yorke	6-1, 6-0
Winner	1939	U.S. National Championships	Grass	Sarah Palfrey Cooke	Kay Stammers Freda Hammersley	7-5, 8-6
Winner	1940	U.S. National Championships	Grass	Sarah Palfrey Cooke	Dorothy Bundy Marjorie Gladman Van Ryn	6-4, 6-3

Grand Slam singles tournament timeline

Tournament	1931	1932	1933	1934	1935	1936	1937	1938	1939	1940	Career SR
Australia	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	0 / 0
France	A	A	A	2R	A	A	A	A	A	NH	0 / 1
Wimbledon	A	A	A	A	A	A	SF	SF	W	NH	1 / 3
United States	1R	3R	QF	A	A	W	QF	W	W	W	4 / 8
SR	0 / 1	0 / 1	0 / 1	0 / 1	0 / 0	1 / 1	0 / 2	1 / 2	2 / 2	1 / 1	5 / 12

SR = the ratio of the number of Grand Slam singles tournaments won to the number played.